Are paper cups safer than plastic?

Plastic Cups:

BPA and Phthalates: Traditional plastic cups, especially those made from polycarbonate, can contain bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates. BPA is an industrial chemical that has raised concerns due to its possible effects on the brain and prostate gland of fetuses, infants, and children. Some research also suggests a link between BPA and increased blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Phthalates can also cause developmental problems.

Microplastics and Nanoplastics: All plastics, including cups, can break down into microplastics and nanoplastics. These tiny particles have been found in the environment, in animals, and even in human organs, blood, and placentas. While the exact implications for human health are still being studied, some research suggests they could disrupt development, hormone levels, and the immune system.
Heat Leaching: When plastic cups come into contact with hot liquids, there's a greater potential for chemicals to leach into the beverage.
Decomposition: Plastic cups take hundreds of years to decompose, contributing significantly to landfill and ocean pollution.

Paper Cups:

Plastic Lining: Most disposable paper cups are lined with a thin layer of plastic (polyethylene or PLA) to prevent leakage and improve durability. This plastic lining can still pose some of the same risks as plastic cups, particularly regarding chemical leaching when exposed to hot liquids.

PFAS: Many paper cups are treated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as "forever chemicals," to make them water- and grease-resistant. PFAS have been linked to various health issues, including certain cancers, liver problems, thyroid issues, and developmental problems. These chemicals do not break down easily and can accumulate in the environment and in our bodies. Some countries and states are beginning to ban PFAS in food packaging.
Ink and Dyes: Some paper cups may be printed with inks or dyes that contain harmful chemicals, though most reputable manufacturers use food-safe inks.
Biodegradability: While paper is generally biodegradable, the plastic lining and PFAS in many paper cups can hinder their decomposition and recycling process.

Conclusion:

While paper cups are often marketed as a more environmentally friendly and safer alternative, they are not without their drawbacks. The presence of plastic linings and PFAS in many paper cups means they can still pose health concerns and contribute to pollution.

To minimize potential risks:
Opt for "BPA-free" plastic cups, but be aware that other harmful chemicals might still be present.
Look for "PFAS-free" paper cups, as more manufacturers are offering these alternatives.
Consider reusable alternatives like glass, stainless steel, or ceramic cups for both hot and cold beverages to significantly reduce exposure to chemicals and environmental impact.
Avoid microwaving plastic containers, as heat can accelerate chemical leaching.

Do not reuse disposable paper cups for drinking, as their protective coating can break down.

Ultimately, reusable options are generally the safest and most sustainable choice.